Historical+Young+Adult+Literature+I

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=__Classic Young Adult Literature__ =



=Nilsen and Donnelson PDF: Introduction and History of YA Literature = [|History of YA Lit] = =

**History of Young Adult Literature PowerPoint**


=The Bildungsroman: =

 From //The Victorian Web//: [|Victorian Web]

The term Bildungsroman denotes a novel of all-around self-development. Used generally, it encompasses a few similar genres: the Entwicklungsroman, a story of general growth rather than self-culture; the Erziehungsroman, which focuses on training and formal education; and the Kunstlerroman, about the development of an artist. (The Space Between, 13) Although Great Expectations, Aurora Leigh, and Waterland may fit one of these more specific categories, for the purposes of comparison, I shall discuss the Bildungsroman genre as a whole and how it applies to all three. My definition of Bildungsroman is a distilled version of the one offered by Marianne Hirsch in "The Novel of Formation as Genre":

1. A Bildungsroman is, most generally, the story of a single individual's growth and development within the context of a defined social order. The growth process, at its roots a quest story, has been described as both "an apprenticeship to life" and a "search for meaningful existence within society."

2. To spur the hero or heroine on to their journey, some form of loss or discontent must jar them at an early stage away from the home or family setting.

3. The process of maturity is long, arduous, and gradual, consisting of repeated clashes between the protagonist's needs and desires and the views and judgments enforced by an unbending social order.

4. Eventually, the spirit and values of the social order become manifest in the protagonist, who is then accommodated into society. The novel ends with an assessment by the protagonist of himself and his new place in that society.

Great Expectations is widely considered to be a direct descendant of Goethe's Wilhelm Meister, the prototypical Bildungsroman. Aurora Leigh takes the genre and complicates it with problems of gender in Victorian society. Waterland reconsiders personal growth in a postmodern context, using narrative not for description, but rather as the vehicle for maturation.

= = =__Malaeska__—written in 1839 (serialized in __The Ladies Companion__/ published by Beadles in 1860) =

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">[|Reading of Malaeska from ALAN Review]

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">**Ann S. Stephens**

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">Ann Sophia Stephens was born on March 30, 1810 in Derby, Connecticut, she was the daughter of Ann and John Winterbotham. He was the manager of a woolen mill owned by Col. David Humphreys. Her grandfather was William Winterbotham. Her mother died early and she was brought up by her mother's sister, who eventually became her stepmother. She was educated at a dame school in South Britain, Connecticut and started writing at an early age. She married Edward Stephens, a printer from Plymouth, Massachusetts, in 1831 and they relocated to Portland, Maine.

While in Portland, she and her husband co-founded, published and edited the //Portland Magazine//, a monthly literary periodical where some of her early work first appeared. The magazine was sold in 1837. They moved to New York where Ann took the job of editor to //The Ladies Companion// and where she could further her literary work. This was also the time she adopted the humorous pseudonym //Jonathan Slick//. Over the next few years she wrote over twenty-five serial novels plus short stories and poems for several well known periodicals which included// Godey's Lady's Book // and // Graham's Magazine //. She started her own magazine //Mrs Stephens' Illustrated New Monthly// in 1856, it was published by her husband. The magazine merged with //Peterson's Magazine// a few years later. Her first novel //Fashion and famine// was published in 1854.

The term "dime novel" originated with Stephens's //Maleaska, the Indian Wife of the White Hunter//, printed in the first book in Beadle & Adams //Beadle’s Dime Novels// series, dated June 9, 1860. The novel was a reprint of Stephens's earlier serial that appeared in the //Ladies' Companion// magazine in February, March, and April 1839. Later, the Grolier Club listed //Maleaska// as the most influential book of 1860. Some of her other work includes //High Life in New York// (1843), //Alice Copley: A Tale of Queen Mary's Time// (1844), //The Diamond Necklace and Other Tale//(1846), //The Old Homestead// (1855), //The Rejected Wife// (1863) and //A Noble Woman// (1871).

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">**Works:**
 * ** 1854 ** || //Fashion and Famine//. One of the most popular novels of the prolific writer and her first long work, //Fashion and Famine// contrasts the fashionable society of Saratoga and Newport with the poor of New York. Published by four different publishers in New York, London, and Philadelphia, and translated into German and French, it would be dramatized in 1854. She would produce//Malaeska//, the first dime novel issued in the Beadle Dime Novel series in 1860. ||
 * ** 1860 ** || //Malaeska: The Indian Wife of the White Hunter//. This historical Indian romance is the first of the dime novels published by Erastus Beadle, selling 300,000 copies in its first year. The novel helps Stephens become one of the most popular authors of the mid-nineteenth century. ||
 * ** 1863 ** || //The Rejected Wife//. Stephens's novel about the early life of **Benedict Arnold** is commended by the //Continental Monthly// for its accurate characterizations and details of period life. The book would be republished in 1876 as //The Rejected Wife; or, The Ruling Passion//. ||

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 90%;">A. Ambiguities in the Story/book:
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 90%;">1. How white settler and Indian princess got together; (miscegenation)

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 90%;">2. Whether or not the Indian shot at the white settler.

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 90%;">Previous to whites killing an Indian—Whites and Mohawks had an agreement to share hunting grounds.

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 90%;">Dutch <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 90%;">British (Americans) <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 90%;">Mohawks (the Native American culture in the region)

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 90%;">B. Malaeska’s evolution throughout the text—grows and matures—

 * 1) <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 90%;">young and immature at beginning—new wife and mother (goes along with husband and husband’s family)
 * 2) <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 90%;">later—goes back to tribe—realizes has left her identity behind
 * 3) <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 90%;">begins and ends with sacred death (husband first/child last)-a frame that shows how she’s changed because of her reaction to the deaths.
 * 4) <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 90%;">Her maturity limited—still believed all would work out even though evidence proved otherwise.
 * 5) <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 90%;">Was her decision at the end mature?—Should she have told William Jr. that he was her son?
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 90%;">over the top sentimental with her dead body on grave (with gray hair)
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 90%;">Son as last hope—nothing more to hold on to.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 90%;">Bad decision—Why not tell William Jr. that = his mother when he was young? Chose to wait until they were reunited with her tribe (but never were).

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 90%;">6. Is Malaeska a complex character or a character type? = predictable—doesn’t change attitudes from beginning to end (husband and child love/ attitudes toward the natural world and Native American culture…--

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 90%;">When does she have the opportunities to mature and become her own person?
 * 1) <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 90%;">Abides by rules of patriarchal system—husband/ son’s father/ Indian chief (who decides her fate and lets her go).
 * 2) <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 90%;">Autonomous decisions—runs away from her husband’s family; sets herself up in business—survives independently. Chooses not to marry the chief—still in love with dead husband.
 * 3) <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 90%;">Knows how to survive in the woods (bow, canoe…) . Brief period when = single mother instilled values in son, taught him skills to survive in the woods. Not a lady.

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 90%;">C. Roles of Women in the mid-nineteenth century (America)

 * 1) <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 90%;">submissive to a patriarch (father/husband) – God = ultimate patriarch
 * 2) <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 90%;">hard-working and loyal
 * 3) <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 90%;">wife vs. mother
 * 4) <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 90%;">education—different for women vs. men (accomplished—entertain and maintain morality in the household).
 * 5) <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 90%;">Roles complicated because of racial differences in the text

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 90%;">D. Race in text—

 * 1) <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 90%;">tainted blood (if mixed)
 * 2) <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 90%;">William, Jr. (mixed and dark)= passing for white
 * 3) <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 90%;">Unnatural to mix races
 * 4) <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 90%;">Mixed cultures/mixed biologies

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 90%;">E. Danforth (William Sr.):
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 90%;">1. not so hot—hidden marriage from all but Martha—hypocrite. <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 90%;">2. Accepted in both cultures—Mohawks adopted him (before killing) knowing about Malaeska. <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 90%;">3. Whites don’t know about her and her son. His god = only god worth seeking. <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 90%;">4. Whites = superior to Mohawks.

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">5. Bifurcations:

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 90%;">Savagery Vs. Civilization <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 90%;">Natives Whites

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 90%;">F. Intertextuality:
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 90%;">1. Scarlet makes her stick out (Cooper’s Leatherstocking tales beginning in 1823—Last of Mohicans in 1826). Catherine Sedgwick’s **Hope Leslie** in 1825).

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 90%;">2. Influenced by American Romanticism: Nature—overkill in description. Mind-numbing nature. Nature = character. Religious view of nature and the natural world (transcendentalism) == closer to god in nature. Set in early/mid 1700s=sign that romantics looked to the past. Nature= cyclical.

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 90%;">3. History:

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 90%;">Pre-1600: Native American <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 90%;">1615-1675: New York Dutch/British <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 90%;">1664: New Amsterdam/New York <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 90%;">1675-1750: British expansion in New York (Malaeska’s setting)


 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">// Ragged Dick— // Background and Questions **

[|horatio alger]
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 18px;">Horatio Alger Biography **

**<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">The Novel: **
Horatio Alger Story—Rags to Riches Theory (American Dream)—Individual and Self-Reliance (+ help and luck)

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 105%;">A. Middle Class Values—American

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 105%;">10.Responsibility
 * 1) <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 105%;">Hard Work
 * 2) <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 105%;">Emphasis on the family (primarily nuclear)
 * 3) <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 105%;">Honesty
 * 4) <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 105%;">Compassion to others
 * 5) <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 105%;">Being polite—manners
 * 6) <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 105%;">Deeds determine consequences
 * 7) <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 105%;">Education
 * 8) <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 105%;">Religion—as a sense of morality
 * 9) <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 105%;">Respectability

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 105%;">B. Cultural Context of New York City

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 95%;">10.Femininity---masculinity--self-control <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 95%;">11.Publishing marketplace
 * 1) <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 95%;">Public Libraries
 * 2) <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 95%;">Central Park
 * 3) <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 95%;">Public Schools
 * 4) <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 95%;">Created a market for boys and girls books—literacy
 * 5) <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 95%;">Church
 * 6) <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 95%;">Capitalism
 * 7) <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 95%;">Realism?
 * 8) <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 95%;">Intertextuality—conflict with other texts (ie. Huck Finn/Tom Sawyer)
 * 9) <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 95%;">Girls’ books—Lamplighter/Wide, Wide World

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">

=<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">Anne of Green Gables =

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">[|Book from Gutenberg]

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">[|Where is the Boy? Article from Lion and the Unicorn]

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">[|Anne and Jane Austen]

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">[|Forever Anne]

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">Textual Information From Site:
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">As the star character of L.M. Montgomery’s famous series Anne of Green Gables, Anne (with an ‘e’!) Shirley, with her braids of fiery red hair, unending chatter, limitless imagination and unshakeable optimism, has been of the most cherished literary heroines around the world for more than 100 years.

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">An orphan since her parents died of fever when she was an infant, Anne long dreamed of finding a real home and a real family. Sent by mistake to Matthew and Marilla Cuthbert - an elderly brother and sister living in Prince Edward Island - Anne is sure that she has found her place in the world once and for all. <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">While Anne is romantic, poetic, and appreciative of the beauty in all things, she is also no powder puff. She is smart, independent, fearless, and imaginative. She questions the rules with an irreverence not socially acceptable at the time, especially for a female, yet still has a love of tradition.

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">The life of Anne Shirley is of a simpler time but it's also complex with a richness, colorfulness, fragrance, and spirit that articulates both Anne’s personality and her physical surroundings. The books are like a love letter to Prince Edward Island with almost every page containing a lovingly descriptive passage about the scenery, food, houses, nature and the people of the province. <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">It is a time of line-dried sheets, homemade desserts, neighbors stopping by for a visit, and garden-fresh goodness. Treats are just that – treats. And they are rare and well deserved. It is not a life of excess but instead viewed that whatever you have in your life is a direct result of the amount of hard work you put into it. Life is full of sunshine, warm rain, picnics, apple blossoms, babbling brooks and the red dirt that is the foundation of the island. Anne embraces every moment in life with a curiosity and enthusiasm that seems almost as if this very day were her last.

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">Author Page from Site:
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">As the woman who introduced the world to the precocious and determined spirit of Anne Shirley, Lucy Maude Montgomery is one of the most beloved writers of all time.

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">While she gained her greatest fame from the Anne of Green Gables series, Montgomery was a prolific writer, publishing 20 novels and more than 500 short stories and poems. Understanding the conditions of Montgomery’s own childhood and upbringing, you can see its influence and inspiration in the books of Anne of Green Gables.

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">Lucy Maud Montgomery (1874-1942) was born in Clifton (now called New London), Prince Edward Island, daughter of Hugh John Montgomery and Clara Woolner Macneill. Her twenty-three-year-old mother died of tuberculosis when Maud was just twenty-one months old, and her maternal grandparents, Alexander and Lucy MacNeill, took over her care at the MacNeill homestead in Cavendish. She grew up in the seaside fishing and farming community, and knew intimately all of its beaches, woods, fields, and homes. <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">In 1890 she was invited to visit her father and his new wife in Prince Albert, Saskatchewan. Homesick for PEI and not getting along with her new stepmother, Maud returned in 1891.

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">Maud graduated from Prince of Wales College in Charlottetown in 1894 and received a first-class teacher's license. At the convocation exercises, she read her essay on Shakespeare's "Portia" to an appreciative audience. Her first teaching job was in Bideford,Prince Edward Island and the Bideford Parsonage, where she boarded that winter, is now a museum in her honor.

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">Maud Montgomery saved just enough money in her first year of teaching to pay for one year at Dalhousie University in Halifax, thinking that a course in English literature might aid her writing career. She received her first payment for a poem while in Halifax, and won a newspaper contest for writing. She returned to PEI and continued teaching in different communities across the province. Apart from a ten-month stint as a newspaper reporter on the Halifax Daily Echo (1901-1902), she stayed with her grandmother until Lucy Woolner MacNeill died in 1911. She had many activities to keep her busy in Cavendish, she photographed, she worked on the Cavendish Literary Magazine, she kept scrapbooks and a journal, and she wrote and published poetry and short stories. She was ambitious to earn a living by her pen.

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">In 1906 Maud became engaged to Presbyterian minister, Ewan Macdonald. However, Maud was determined to stay with and care for her grandmother so that she could remain in her old home, so the two could not wed for another five years. Meanwhile, Montgomery decided to take the time away from her lucrative short story writing to write a novel. Anne of Green Gables was rejected several times before it was finally accepted by the L.C. Page Company in Boston. It was published in 1908 and became an immediate success. <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">Anne of Green Gables changed Montgomery’s life. Suddenly she was a celebrity and began receiving fan mail. She earned what for the times was an enormous amount, despite the small royalty of the Page contract. For the rest of her life, she was to be famous and sought after.